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# Exception handling in Python

It is likely that you have raised Exceptions if you have
typed all the previous commands of the tutorial. For example, you may
have raised an exception if you entered a command with a typo.

Exceptions are raised by different kinds of errors arising when executing
Python code. In your own code, you may also catch errors, or define custom
error types. You may want to look at the descriptions of the [the built-in
Exceptions](https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html) when looking
for the right exception type.

## Exceptions

Exceptions are raised by errors in Python:

```{code-cell}
:tags: [raises-exception]

1/0
```

```{code-cell}
:tags: [raises-exception]

1 + 'e'
```

```{code-cell}
:tags: [raises-exception]

d = {1:1, 2:2}
d[3]
```

```{code-cell}
:tags: [raises-exception]

l = [1, 2, 3]
l[4]
```

```{code-cell}
:tags: [raises-exception]

l.foobar
```

As you can see, there are **different types** of exceptions for different errors.

## Catching exceptions

### try/except

```ipython
In [1]: while True:
   ....:     try:
   ....:         x = int(input('Please enter a number: '))
   ....:         break
   ....:     except ValueError:
   ....:         print('That was no valid number.  Try again...')
   ....:
Please enter a number: a
That was no valid number.  Try again...
Please enter a number: 1

In [2]: x
Out[9]: 1
```

### try/finally

```ipython
In [1]: try:
   ....:     x = int(input('Please enter a number: '))
   ....: finally:
   ....:     print('Thank you for your input')
   ....:
Please enter a number: a
Thank you for your input
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[10], line 2
      1 try:
----> 2     x = int(input('Please enter a number: '))
      3 finally:
      4     print('Thank you for your input')
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'a'
```

Important for resource management (e.g. closing a file)

### Easier to ask for forgiveness than for permission

```{code-cell}
def print_sorted(collection):
    try:
        collection.sort()
    except AttributeError:
        pass # The pass statement does nothing
    print(collection)
```

```{code-cell}
print_sorted([1, 3, 2])
```

```{code-cell}
print_sorted(set((1, 3, 2)))
```

```{code-cell}
print_sorted('132')
```

## Raising exceptions

### Capturing and re-raising an exception:

```{code-cell}
def filter_name(name):
    try:
        name = name.encode('ascii')
    except UnicodeError as e:
        if name == 'Gaël':
            print('OK, Gaël')
        else:
            raise e
    return name

filter_name('Gaël')
```

```{code-cell}
:tags: [raises-exception]

filter_name('Stéfan')
```

### Exceptions to pass messages between parts of the code:

```{code-cell}
def achilles_arrow(x):
    if abs(x - 1) < 1e-3:
        raise StopIteration
    x = 1 - (1-x)/2.
    return x

x = 0

while True:
    try:
        x = achilles_arrow(x)
    except StopIteration:
        break

x
```

Use exceptions to notify certain conditions are met (e.g. `StopIteration`) or
not (e.g. custom error raising).