2.7.4.5. Finding a minimum in a flat neighborhood

An exercise of finding minimum. This exercise is hard because the function is very flat around the minimum (all its derivatives are zero). Thus gradient information is unreliable.

The function admits a minimum in [0, 0]. The challenge is to get within 1e-7 of this minimum, starting at x0 = [1, 1].

The solution that we adopt here is to give up on using gradient or information based on local differences, and to rely on the Powell algorithm. With 162 function evaluations, we get to 1e-8 of the solution.

import numpy as np
import scipy as sp
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


def f(x):
    return np.exp(-1 / (0.01 * x[0] ** 2 + x[1] ** 2))


# A well-conditionned version of f:
def g(x):
    return f([10 * x[0], x[1]])


# The gradient of g. We won't use it here for the optimization.
def g_prime(x):
    r = np.sqrt(x[0] ** 2 + x[1] ** 2)
    return 2 / r**3 * g(x) * x / r


result = sp.optimize.minimize(g, [1, 1], method="Powell", tol=1e-10)
x_min = result.x

Some pretty plotting

plt.figure(0)
plt.clf()
t = np.linspace(-1.1, 1.1, 100)
plt.plot(t, f([0, t]))

plt.figure(1)
plt.clf()
X, Y = np.mgrid[-1.5:1.5:100j, -1.1:1.1:100j]  # type: ignore[misc]
plt.imshow(f([X, Y]).T, cmap="gray_r", extent=(-1.5, 1.5, -1.1, 1.1), origin="lower")
plt.contour(X, Y, f([X, Y]), cmap="gnuplot")

# Plot the gradient
dX, dY = g_prime([0.1 * X[::5, ::5], Y[::5, ::5]])
# Adjust for our preconditioning
dX *= 0.1
plt.quiver(X[::5, ::5], Y[::5, ::5], dX, dY, color=".5")

# Plot our solution
plt.plot(x_min[0], x_min[1], "r+", markersize=15)

plt.show()

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